Thomas Nagels Moral Luck

Thomas Nagels Moral Luck The concept of moral luck has been assessed by many forbearers, It is the idea that that the actions people make depend on factors out of their control, yet we continue to treat them as the object of moral judgment. In Nagels Moral Luck, Nagel identifies the problem moral luck as a conflict between our actions and principles that most share about mortality. He brings up a plausible idea that people cannot be morally judged for what is not their fault, or by factors that are out of their control. Although we know that there are certain things in life we cannot for see, we do make moral judgments about people based on factors out of their control. Suppose a drunk driver kills a child, we would call him a murderer but if the little girl had not been playing on the road at the wrong time we would call him a fortunate driver. On the other hand, when someone tries to do something noble like save someone from a burning building but drop them which causes them to land to their death, the act was still good in and of its nature but people will not give him the same admiration if he would have saved the person successfully. The unfortunate rescuer could not have for seen any obstacles in her rescue. Nagel sees this as, the problem of moral luck. A persons moral standing should not be affected by luck or chance, and the fact that luck plays such an essential role in determining whether a person is good or bad, morally, in the eyes of his peers is an inaccurate judgment. We may wonder if the problem Nagel presents is better thought of as a problem of luck or if its really about control. Nagels concern is whether luck plays a role in determining a persons moral standing or things that are out of ones control are affecting her moral standing. The answer is both. Luck should be present where control is lacking; they are one in the same. This is significant because although we may call it luck with lack of control there are times when we have some idea of what will happen. For example, if the sun rises tomorrow, it will be completely of anyones control but we wouldnt go so far as to say we are lucky that it happened, there is a likelihood that it would happen regardless of anyone having control over it or not. The problem with moral luck is that there are times when luck does, in fact, make a moral difference. Two kinds of differences discussed in Nagels essay. The first is the case of the unfortunate driver, (the driver who killed a child) is no worse a person than the fortunate driver. Likewise, as we cannot hold the fortunate driver responsible for the death of a child we cannot hold the unfortunate driver responsible for the death of the child since they were just made different by luck. The question of moral worth then comes into play. Does luck make a difference in a persons moral worth, or in what one is morally responsible for? It is not quite clear which side Nagel is taking. He briefly refers to the problem of moral luck as a fundamental problem of moral responsibility, but mostly, his worries are about blame. Will the unfortunate driver himself be rated morally worse than the fortunate driver? Nagel indulges in both ideas, asking if the unfortunate driver is more to blame and if he is a worse person than the fortunate driver. Although these questions are asked inseparably, we cannot make sense of the idea of holding someone morally responsible of killing when they have not and lowering their moral rating. Essentially, there is very little that occurs in our lives that we have full control of the outcome so how can we place an accurate moral judgment on an individual that has no complete control of the outcome of their decisions. Nagel points out that there are four different types of luck that play into our moral decisions. The phenomenon of constitutive luck is what kind of a person you are, not only what you do deliberately but what you are inclined to do and what is in your nature. Another is luck of circumstance which is the kinds of problems and situation one encounters. The last two have to do with causes and effects of actions. Luck in the way ones actions and projects turn out and luck in which how one is determined by past experiences.

Pakistan Day Celebration

Pakistan day is observed on 23rd march every year. It is an important day in the history of Pakistan. The Muslims of India demanded a separate homeland for themselves through a resolution called Pakistan resolution or Lahore resolution, This year also we celebrated Pakistan day with traditional zeal and fervor and renewed a pledge to make the country strong, progressive and prosperous Islamic welfare state. The day dawned with 31 gun salute in federal capital Islamabad and 21 gun salutes in provincial capitals. Special prayers were offered in all mosques. It was a public holiday.National flags were hoisted on all public and private buildings. Newspapers published special supplements featuring articles highlighting the importance of the day. They also printed rare photographs of the historical events. Radios and television channels aired special programmes including talk shows. The highlight of the day was the armed forces parade which was held at Jinnah sports stadium. The president and prime minister took the salute of the parade. Similarly in Karachi, the day was celebrated with great honor and dignity. The Governor and Chief Minister of Sindh visited the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam.They laid floral wreath at Quaid-e-Azam’s mausoleum. The National museum Karachi arranged a special exhibition in connection with the Pakistan Day. This day is indeed one of the most important days in the history of our country. Energy crisis or Load Shedding of Electricity in the town. The people of Karachi know it very well that Karachi has become a city of problems. All these problems go together to make the life of Karachi ties very difficult. Perhaps the most serious of these is what we may call energy crisis there have been an acute shortage of electricity in our city during the last ten years.As a result the load shedding has become unavoidable. In fact the whole country has fallen a victim into this menace. But the situation is worst at Karachi and with the passage of time the duration of load shedding has greatly increased . Generally we have to pass six to twelve hours without electricity every day. Load shedding is the basic problem which gives rise to many other problems. People cannot sleep at night when the temperature is at its peak. The business of shopkeepers is also hampered particularly the people working on computers and owners of photo state shops are the worst sufferers.During the darkness the criminals get a free hand and there is an alarming increase in crimes during load shedding. The patients in the hospitals also have to suffer as all the hospitals do not have generators or ups, so it is clear that everybody living in Karachi has to undergo great difficulties. Promises in the reduction in the duration of load shedding are never fulfilled so the problem remains as it was years ago. The Book I like Most. The Holy Quran is my favorite book. It is the name of Allah’s book which has been revealed upon the last Prophet for ma nkind through the angel Gabriel.It is most often read and memorized and the most influential book in the world from literary point of view. Holy Quran is considered as the specimen of purest Arabic. It is a master piece of Arabic language and literature. The Quran is guidance for the whole humanity. It is essentially a code of human conduct. It covers all the aspects of human life. It offers guidance to those who seek it. It also defines the causes of decline of the nation. It prompts man to be practical in his daily life. Its importance is recognizes even by the non-Muslims. Its teachings are practically rational.The knowledge in the Holy Quran is not merely knowledge of religious affairs but also the knowledge of physical and other phenomenon of life. There are thirty chapters’ one hundred and fourteen surahs and six thousand six hundred and sixty six verses (Aayats) in it. By the grace of Al-mighty Allah, I have memorized many surahs with their Urdu translation. Holy Quran is the book which gives me guidance about both the worlds. It tells us what reward we can get if we do good deeds. We can get physical as well as spiritual guidance from it. In short Holy Quran is not only for an individual or a nation but also for the whole universe. Pakistan Day Celebration Pakistan day celebrations.Pakistan day is observed on 23rd march every year. It is an important day in the history of Pakistan. The Muslims of India demanded a separate homeland for themselves through a resolution called Pakistan resolution or Lahore resolution, This year also we celebrated Pakistan day with traditional zeal and fervor and renewed a pledge to make the country strong, progressive and prosperous Islamic welfare state. The day dawned with 31 gun salute in federal capital Islamabad and 21 gun salutes in provincial capitals. Special prayers were offered in all mosques. It was a public holiday. National flags were hoisted on all public and private buildings. Newspapers published special supplements featuring articles highlighting the importance of the day.They also printed rare photographs of the historical events. Radios and television channels aired special programmes including talk shows. The highlight of the day was the armed forces parade which was held at Jinnah spor ts stadium. The president and prime minister took the salute of the parade. Similarly in Karachi, the day was celebrated with great honor and dignity. The Governor and Chief Minister of Sindh visited the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam. They laid floral wreath at Quaid-e-Azam’s mausoleum. The National museum Karachi arranged a special exhibition in connection with the Pakistan Day. This day is indeed one of the most important days in the history of our country. Energy crisis or Load Shedding of Electricity in the town.The people of Karachi know it very well that Karachi has become a city of problems. All these problems go together to make the life of Karachi ties very difficult. Perhaps the most serious of these is what we may call energy crisis there have been an acute shortage of electricity in our city during the last ten years. As a result the load shedding has become unavoidable. In fact the whole country has fallen a victim into this menace. But the situation is worst at Kara chi and with the passage of time the duration of load shedding has greatly increased .Generally we have to pass six to twelve hours without electricity every day. Load shedding is the basic problem which gives rise to many other problems.People cannot sleep at night when the temperature is at its peak. The business of shopkeepers is also hampered particularly the people working on computers and owners of photo state shops  are the worst sufferers. During the darkness the criminals get a free hand and there is an alarming increase in crimes during load shedding. The patients in the hospitals also have to suffer as all the hospitals do not have generators or ups, so it is clear that everybody living in Karachi has to undergo great difficulties. Promises in the reduction in the duration of load shedding are never fulfilled so the problem remains as it was years ago.The Book I like Most.The Holy Quran is my favorite book. It is the name of Allah’s book which has been revealed u pon the last Prophet for mankind through the angel Gabriel. It is most often read and memorized and the most influential book in the world from literary point of view. Holy Quran is considered as the specimen of purest Arabic. It is a master piece of Arabic language and literature. The Quran is guidance for the whole humanity. It is essentially a code of human conduct. It covers all the aspects of human life. It offers guidance to those who seek it. It also defines the causes of decline of the nation. It prompts man to be practical in his daily life. Its importance is recognizes even by the non-Muslims.Its teachings are practically rational. The knowledge in the Holy Quran is not merely knowledge of religious affairs but also the knowledge of physical and other phenomenon of life. There are thirty chapters’ one hundred and fourteen surahs and six thousand six hundred and sixty six verses (Aayats) in it. By the grace of Al-mighty Allah, I have memorized many surahs with their Urdu translation. Holy Quran is the book which gives me guidance about both the worlds. It tells us what reward we can get if we do good deeds. We can get physical as well as spiritual guidance from it. In short Holy Quran is not only for an individual or a nation but also for the whole universe.

The Untold Story About Essay Samples for High School That You Must Read

The Untold Story About Essay Samples for High School That You Must Read High school essays are structured very similarly no matter the topic and decent essay structure will let you write a crystal clear essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Look through the list of topics cautiously and start making a mental collection of the evidence you'll be able to use on topics you want. To find out more about the key to interesting and special essay topics, have a look at a number of the secret strategies employed by the world's best essay developers. In addition, there are zero limits for downloads! It goes without saying an essay sample isn't always short, as there's an enormous quantity of writing available. Actually, you can make up any topic you want by yourself, as long because there is unlimited amount of those. Of all Of the forms of essay, writing a quick essay may appear to be the easiest. Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts instead of emotion. To compose a middle school essay outline step one is to recognize the sort of essay you will need to write. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic needs to be something that has two conflicting points or unique conclusions. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. First and foremost it's imperative to make certain that you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Life After Essay Samples for High School Essay writing is normally practiced is schools. Pressure to be successful in examinations might also be detrimental to the students. Writing is quite a strong tool. It has been around for quite a long time. Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in an enormous mess. Actually, some teache rs are so pressured to create decent examination results that they're made to practise poor teaching procedures. High school students need to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have. They are required to write essays on a variety of topics which at first may seem to have nothing in common. You wish to put your very best foot forward and keep positive in your application. For example, there is not any correct method of drafting a college application essay. Should you need additional assistance with editing and revising, there are a couple free tools readily available online. Therefore, if you want to examine some remarkable papers before starting to work all on your own, read some of the typical application essay samples. In the example of employment, it's felt that the examination results will indicate whether the work seeker has the abilities or intelligence to manage the job. It isn't as demanding as other varieties of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. One of the chief purposes of school examinations is to enhance the quality of education. A number of the weaker students, who can't seem to accomplish decent examination results, may drop interest in their studies. Today, there are several on-line sites which provide sample papers. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my family members. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. High school is a crucial time in the life span of young men and women.

Was It Genocide - 1764 Words

Georgy Matevosyants Professor Tucker LAIS 100 Was it Genocide? With the aid of influential superpowers such as America and Soviet Union, Ottoman Turkey claimed ownership of some of Armenia’s ancient lands near the end of the 19th century. The whole conflict itself was consistently compounded by more and more factors that complicated matters. Within time, Turkey imploded with success and good fortune while Armenia suffered the after effects of the early 1900’s for the next century to come. Armenians and Turks once actually co-existed in the Ottoman Empire centuries ago; however they are now troubled with the past. While 500 years ago, both Armenians and Turks exerted equal efforts to expand their empire in battles such as the Battle of Chaldiran, their powers are no longer parallel: â€Å"Turkey holds 780,000 square miles and Armenia is no larger than the state of Rhode Island† [1]. Turkey now is skyrocketing in the economic sector with a surplus of jobs, housing, and overall government wealth while most of Armenia’s i nhabitants are almost the polar opposite; jobless and stricken with poverty. The issue is if there is a direct relation between the huge success of one country and the rapid decline of another. Armenia believes their low population and land area is a result of a genocide carried out by Turkey, while Turkey claims that it was war: Armenia also deliberated violent atrocities against Turkey. Taking into consideration the time period, the onset of World War 1, there isShow MoreRelatedThe Holodomor Was A Repugnant Genocide953 Words   |  4 Pages The Holodomor was a repugnant genocide that took place in Ukraine eighty years ago. Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, led the genocide that killed tens of millions of people. From 1932-1933, Ukraine went under Stalin’s dictatorship. In the time, Stalin had not only put up labor camps, but had also taken away mostly all Ukraine’s food. The Holodomor genocide was one of the worst genocides in Ukraine’s history. The term Holodomor means death by hunger in Ukrainian. Ukraine has not been theRead MoreThe Bosnian Genocide Was A Mass Killing1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bosnian genocide was a mass killing similar to the Holocaust that occurred in Bosnia Herzegovina shortly after the separation from the former state of Yugoslavia, disbanded in 1992 due to the Yugoslav Wars (The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992 - 1989–1992 - Milestones - Office of the Historian.). Akin to most other genocides that have previously been recorded throughout history, t he Bosnian genocide was caused by part of the population believing they had second-rate citizens in their land,Read MoreWhat was the Cause of the Rwandan Genocide?1116 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigation What was the cause of the Rwandan Genocide? 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Current Crimes and Criminal Issues - 925 Words

Current Crimes and Criminal Issue Hasaye S. Newton CJA 394 October 6, 2015 Juan Campos Current Crimes and Criminal Issue Global crime are not as many as local or regional crimes, they range from illegal immigration, cybercrimes, terror, racism and terrorism. The war on terror in the aftermath of the attacks of Sep. 11, 2001 has undermined human rights globally, according to activists and experts who when the UN conference in Paris. Immediately after Sep. 11 2001 there was dramatic change in government policies in regard to terrorism, suspected terrorism, and the monitoring of citizens, with the underlying believe that human rights norms as established in conventions and treaties no longer apply, Joanne Mariner, director of†¦show more content†¦The United States also reacted by causing a blackout in China’s internet for about a day. U.S. military officials have were increasingly vocal about cyber espionage and attacks launched by China, Russia and other rivals. A Pentagon report in April said cyber hackers associated with the Chinese government repeatedly targeted U.S. military networks last year seeking intelligence After the last attacks in June the U.S Military deploy the thirty-second Marine expedition Unit are currently deployed to the North Pacific Ocean to react if any kind of cyber or terror crime does occur from Asia. Cybersecurity has become the U.S. government priority in the past year, after a string of denial of service (DOS) attacks on government computers and hacking attempts of the CIA main computers, But while many of these sophisticated cyberattacks have sought to inconvenience governmental agencies that have little impact on day-to-day public life, many in the government are increasingly worried about an attack on the energy sector. Each military service has contribute manpower toward a new force of â€Å"cyber warriors† to the U.S. Cyber Command, which will focus on three key areas: defending DOD information networks, supporting combatant commands and defending the nation. I recommend the United States sets up an anti-cyber committee to fight cybercrimes worldwide to protect the interest and the identities of itsShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn order for the Criminal Justice System to effectively deter crime, it is imperative to understand what causes crime, understand why crime exists and why offenders engage in criminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives. 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Marketing Mix †Literature Review and Company Example Free Essays

Marketers develop strategies for each of these components to facilitate mutually satisfying exchanges with a target market. (Lamb et al, 2009). Each or all of the components are variable and may be fine tuned, depending on external and internal influences, to achieve the best blend that will produce the desired result for the companies offering. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix – Literature Review and Company Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now This report describes a literary review of each of the four components and an example of how each is implemented in a real world scenario. 3Marketing Mix 4P’s Place Literary Review The â€Å"place† component of the marketing mix 4P’s refers to the distribution channel through which products are marketed and sold. In the view of Lodish et al. (2001) distribution encompasses all the activities that need to be performed so that the product’s offering bundle is transfered productively from seller to customer who will buy and benefit from the offering. Similarily Lamb et al. (2009) state marketing channels facilitate the physical movement of goods through the supply chain, representing â€Å"place† in the marketing mix and encompasses he processes involved in getting the right product to the right right place at the right time. In the book Rethinking Marketing, Hakansson et al. (2004) quote the wording of Kotler (1991) which describes â€Å"place† as various activities the company undertakes to make the product easily accessible and available to target customers The choice of distribution channel, and which intermediaires are involved between the seller and final customer, through which the transfer occurrs and how these are managed has a big impact on the offering bundle. Lodish et al. 2001) Selection of the distribution channel(s) will determine whether the product is sold directly, indirectly or both (multichannel distribution). Trade-off’s and balances will be determined depending on how direct or indirect the distribution system is designed (Lodish et al. 2001). Selling direct may reap higher margins and profitability but at a possible cost of lower sales volumes. Selling indirectly through distributors may produce higher sales volumes but at a lower profit margins.The choice of direct channel distribution only offers one route from the manufacturer to the end user, direct. 4 The choice of indirect channel distribution requires further evaluation and assessment as there are a mulitude of routes from the manufacturer to the end user ie, multiple distributors, exclusive distributors, wholesaler, retailer, franchisee, value add reseller, agent etc. The choice of sales channel maybe somewhat limited by the type of product on offer, ie sweets and candy require a different marketing channels to luxury cars or industrial machinery (Lamb et al. 009). The literature reviewed highlighted multiple variables and considerations that need to be assessed when establishing marketing channels. In all the literature was there no mention of the environmental impact that marketing channel decisions can have. The place component of the marketing mix is fundamentally concerened with how the product gets from manufacturer to buyer, therefore it is inevitable that marketing place decisions will have some impact, good or bad, on the environment.In a world pre-occupied by climate change and consumer concern and awareness of the environmental impact of everything we do, it can surely only be a matter of time before consumer awareness starts questioning and rationalising the real cost of distribution channels utilised by manufacturers. Will consumer pressure permit goods to be manufactured and transported half way around the world when similar goods, produced locally, are available? The world, consumer awareness and the marketing mix, including the place and distribution channels, are constantly evolving.Will tomorrows marketers and entrepeneurs have to include environmental cost as a criterior in their evaluation of sales and distribution channels? Will proximity of where a product is produced and ultimately sold become a factor in establishing the marketing distribution channel? How will this influence or be reflected in the various common concepts of â€Å"place† mentioned in paragraph 2, ie delivering the right product to the right right place at the right time? 5 Company Example of Marketing Mix 4P’s Place – Ritchie Bros.Auctioneers Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (RBA) is the world’s largest industrial auctioneer, with 39 auction sites located worldwide. RBA sold US$3. 57 billion of used and unused equipment at 340 unreserved auctions in 2008, including a wide range of heavy equipment, trucks and other assets for the construction, transportation, agricultural, material handling, mining, forestry, petroleum and marine industries. (http://www. rbauction. com/index. jsp) RBA offer a unique sales proposition to both sellers and buyers of equipment at their auctions. Having a reputation for conducting fair ethical auctions, without artificial price manipulation, every RBA auction is unreserved, meaning there are no minimum bids and no reserve prices. Every item is sold to the highest bidder on auction day, regardless of price. (http://www. rbauction. com/buying/buying-benefits. jsp) All buyers (bidders) cannot resist the chance or opportunity to purchase something below its intrisic value. Conducting unreserved auctions provides the opportunity for this to occur and thus generates a large stream of potential fee paying bidders. For the sellers of equipment, RBA conducting unreserved auctions provides them with a pool of targetted and focused potential buyers for their equipment, and a guaranteed minimum sell price, provided by RBA. Although RBA are not a manufacturer of any physical product, the â€Å"product† they are selling is the conducting and facilitation of unreserved auctions. This product is sold directly to a large worldwide customer base of equipment buyers and traders and no intermediaries, franchisees or agents are used. Equipment ready for auction 6The cornerstone of RBA business is their database of potential bidders (buyers) to whom they target marketing material directly. The advsertising department is their secret weapon and by the 1980’s had built a preeminent mailing list of over 100,000 potential buyers to whom brochures are mailed prior to all auctions. (Rodengen 2001) Considering the growth of the company since then it can be safely assumed today’s direct mailing list is now many times this Sample direct mail flyer. Millions of these are sent out annually directly to customers. size.RBA revenue is generated from 10-20% sales commission, charged to the buyer, on every product sold. The key to their business success is their direct access to a large number of bidders (RBA customers) and their willingness to participate in unreserved auctions, always looking for a bargain. RBA are able to aggorgate large amounts of new and used equipment under one roof in one auction and thus provide potential buyers with right product at the right place at the right time. RBA are a worldwide organisation and the epitomy of direct marketing.RBA direct marketing approach to customers is legendary in generating customer loyalty and satisfaction and the organisation is very open and approachable from the top down. The pre auction barbecue parties are an important part of the overall auction event giving the staff, from company owner downwards, the chance to mingle with customers and make contacts (Rodengen 2001). 7 Their customer service approach is in total contrast with other large direct marketing channel corporations whose management and owners generally remain annonmous, distant and isolated. An auction taking placeIn 2004 RBA introduced live internet auctions enabling biddings from anywhere in the world to bid on any piece of equipment and thus virtually bring the product to the buyer, where ever they may be. â€Å"RBA auction brochures are sent to buyers around the world to ensure the success of the sale is not completely reliant upon local bidders. † (Rodengen 2001) 8 Marketing Mix 4P’s Product Literary Review Product is the most important element of the marketing mix. Without product, an organization will not be able to determine or carry out the entire element in the marketing mix.Suffice to say that without a product or service to sell, there would be no business (Pigden. J ; Foley. J, 1999). Product can be tangible or intangible; it can be a physical good, service or even an idea such as advertisement. Tangible values include values which can be measured or touched such as the audio system of your home. Intangible values are values that cannot be measured or touched such as the enjoyment the customer will get from the product. Remember that you do not sell a ‘product’ to a customer, but you sell a ‘benefit’ that the product gives to the customer (Westwood. J; 2002).It is important that a product is continuously improved to bring it up to date and prevent it from being overtaken by competitors. For example, Hero, a company with various products in the food sector but a low market share in the breakfast cereal category, was thinking about how to gain market share in the cereals market. The breakfast cereal category was highly fragmented and saturated with varieties. Hero was not finding opportunities within this market. The solution was to redefine the utility of the cereals. Instead of marketing them as a breakfast complement, the thought occurred to sell them as a healthy snack at any time of the day.By merging the concepts of cereals and chocolate bars, a new category was born: cereal bars. This product was a breakthrough and today we consider it something standard. 9 A product must have the right features and supporting elements such as attractive design, function well, warranties, guarantees, after sales support and so forth. ? Pricing must be right – company will generate a healthy profit when consumers purchase in bulk. ? Placement of product goods must be in the right place at the right time. Ensuring that the goods arrive when and where they are wanted is an important operation. Promotion is a key aspect of marketing mix. It involves disseminating information about the product and advantages of the product to the target consumers. Promotion can be divided in to above the line and below the line. A successful promotion plan will help a company to spread costs over a larger output. When producing a product it is vital to consider the needs of target consumers. The product element is the product itself, getting the price right involves examining customer perceptions and rival products as well as costs of manufacture, promotion involves engaging in a range of promotional activities e. . competitions, product popularity etc, and place involves using the best possible channels of distribution such as leading supermarket chains depending on what is the nature of the business. The product is the central point on which marketing energy must focus. Finding out how to make the product, setting up the production line, providing the finance and manufacturing the product are not the responsibility of the marketing function. However, it is concerned with what the product means to the customer. Marketing therefore plays a key role in determining such aspects as: ?The appearance of the product – in line with the requirements of the market ? The function of the product – products must address the needs of customers as identified through market research. The product range and how it is used is a function of the marketing mix. The range may be broadened or a brand may be extended for tactical reasons, such as matching competition or catering for seasonal fluctuations (Kotler. P ; Bes. F; 2003). Alternatively, a product may be repositioned to make it more acceptable for a new group of consumers as part of a long-term plan. 10Company Example of Marketing Mix 4P’s Product – Qian Hu Corporation Therefore, a good example would be Qian Hu Corporation Limited. It is an integrated â€Å"onestop† ornamental fish service provider ranging from breeding of Dragon Fish, farming, importing, exporting and distributing of ornamental fish as well as manufacturing of aquarium and pet accessories and distributing them to local and overseas customers. Its product elements in the marketing mix can be categorized into three main areas which are manufacturing of fish and pet accessories, manufacturing of plastic bag and farming, importing, exporting and distributing of ornamental fish.Ornamental Fish The Company currently involves the wholeprocesses of import, export, breeding, quarantine, conditioning, and farming and distribution activities. All this decorative and attractive fish are imported from countries in South-East Asia, South Sample product ornamental fish America and Africa which then be bree d in Singapore whichever can. The Company currently exports more than 500 types of species and varieties of ornamental fish directly to more than 80 countries as well as distributes to local retailers and exporters.The ‘Dragon Fish’ which the Company breeds is increasingly regarded as a premium brand in Northeast China and spreading fast across the whole China. Accessories The Company does not only provide fish as their only product as they care and think of customers’ needs and wants. Therefore, Qian Hu take a step further by distributing, supply and selling of pet and fish accessories complements the ornamental Sample product accessories fish operations as a complete â€Å"one-stop† shop. 11 The Company distributes more than 5000 types of aquarium and pet accessories for more than 20 major manufacturers and principals to local retailers and o wholesalers in Asia, including supermarkets operated by NTUC FairPrice, Cold Storage, Carrefour, Lotus and Tesco, etc. Other than that, Qian Hu has developed its own brands of aquarium and pet accessories under the name â€Å"Ocean Free†, â€Å"Delikate†, â€Å"BARK†, â€Å"Nature’s Gift† and â€Å"ARISTO-CATS YI HU†. The Group also has production facilities in Guangzhou, China to manufacture aquarium and pet accessories for the Group as well fo r other businesses. Plastic bags As an ancillary business, the Group manufactures plastic bags for its own use in the packing of ornamental fish for sale in a separate factory located in Woodlands.The plastic bags are also supplied to third parties in the ornamental fish, food and electronics Sample product plastic bag industries. 12 Marketing Mix 4P’s Pricing Literary Review In the simplest sense, price is that which is given up in exchange for the good or service. Price is also previously called fees , tariffs , charges , interests. (Kotler P, Bes TD, 2003) Among the 4 main element present in the marketing mix ; Price is the only element that produces revenue; all other elements represent costs.Price has the utmost flexibility among all the elements of the marketing mix. Pricing can be changed quickly as it is not bounded by fixed components such as product features or channel commitment. At the same time, pricing is the key issue faced by many organizations small and large alike. (Hussey D, 1998) Factors to consider when setting price Before setting a price, the company must decide on its objectives for the product. Objectives are divided into 3 main classes as follow; 1. Profit –Oriented Pricing Objectives 2. Sales – Oriented Pricing Objectives 3.Status-Quo Pricing Objectives Many companies use current profit maximization (profit- oriented pricing objectives ) as their pricing goal. They estimate demand and costs will be at different prices and choose the price that will produce the maximum current profit, cash flow, or return on investment. 13 Other companies want to obtain market share leadership (sales-oriented pricing objectives ) To become the market share leader, these firms set prices as low as possible. Strategy for the above objectives are as follow ; 1. Price Skimming When you are offering a new or innovative product you can initially charge a high price, since the â€Å"early adopters† aren’t very price sensitive. Then you lower prices to â€Å"skim† off the next layer of buyers, etc. Eventually, the price will drop as the product matures and competitors offer lower prices. 2. Penetration Pricing You set a low initial price in order to penetrate quickly into the mass market. A low initial price discourages competitors from entering the market, and is the best approach when many segments of the market are price sensitive.Amazon. com, for example, offers a discount price and may lose money on the first sale, but this way they gain more customers who will purchase products later at a lower marketing cost (since it costs much less to attract them back for the second or third sale if they are happy with their first purchase experience). Cheap products are not taken seriously by some buyers unless they are priced at a particular level. 3. Odd-even pricing takes advantage of human psychology that feels like $499. 95 is less than $500.Studies of price points by direct marketers have found that products sell best at certain price points, such as $197, $297, $397, compared to other prices slightly higher or lower. 4. Bundle pricing is offering two or more products together in a single package price. This can offer savings to both the buyer and to the seller, who saves the cost of marketing both products separately. And the customer is willing to pay more because he perceives that he is getting a lot more, even though the cost to the seller may not really be that much more. 4 Considerations to be taken in when choosing a strategy for pricing are divided into 4 main classes as follow ; 1. Unfair Trade Practices 2. Price Fixing 3. Price Discrimination 4. Predatory Pricing Two Main pricing objectives stand out : ? To maximize short –term profits. Here you try to squeeze as much money out of the sales of the product as possible , even though fewer customers may make a purchase of the product. Strategy maybe to charge premium prices for website design services.However it may result in fewer customers , but then dealing with a lot of customer multipiles your problems. ? To gain market share , the other main strategy is to price your service lower to gain market share. The profit may decrease however , we can slowly fine tune the prices back as time passes (Holden K, 1994). Pricing Approaches Here are some cost-oriented approaches to pricing that I’m sure you are familiar with: ? Standard mark-up pricing. Typically a manufacturer marks his price up 15% over his costs, a wholesaler 20% over his costs, and a retailer 40% over his costs.The retailer gets a larger markup based on the idea that, since he is closest to the end user, he is required to spend more services and individual attention meeting the buyer’s needs. ? Cost-plus pricing adds a small percentage to the retailer’s costs — and â€Å"cost plus 5%† sounds so harmless and will in turn attract buyers. 15 ? Experience curve pricing assumes that it costs a company less to produce a product or provide a service over time, since learning will make them more efficient. Then there are competition-oriented approaches to pricing that you’ll recognize: Customary pricing is where the product â€Å"traditionally† sells for a certain price. Candy bars of a certain weight all cost a predictable amount — unless you purchase them in an airport shop. Example at vivocity candy empire ? Above-, at -, or below-market pricing. Certain stores advertise â€Å"low cost† or â€Å"discount† pricing. Others price at the market, while others deliberately price abovethe-market at premium prices to attract prestige buyers. ? Loss-leader pricing works on the basis of losing money on certain very low priced advertised products to get customers in the door who will buy other products at the same time. Flexible-price policies offer the same product to customers at different negotiated prices. Cars, for example, are typically sold at negotiated prices. Many B2B sales depend on negotiated contracts. Marketing element pricing main key points are what price level to adopt after comparison with the market trends and analyst ,various competitors price range and consumer perception towards the pricing ; Specific prices to adopt ; price policy such as one price or varying price price maintenance , usage of list prices ; Profit margin to adopt for the price or the entire trade itself . Borden, N H, Baker M J 2001) Last but not least many companies fine-tune the base price with other pricing tactics such as discounts , allowances , rebates , value –based pricing , geographic pricing and other pricing tactics. 16 Company Example of Marketing Mix 4P’s Pricing – Qian Hu Corporation Taking into consideration Qian Hu key competitive strengths as follows: ? Proven track record for the quality of fishes which they bred ?Having their own factories in china Quangzhou which inevitably results in the choosing of the Pricing objective – ( Profit Oriented ) Strategy – ( Price Skimming Strategy ) Therefore, a good example would be Qian Hu Corporation Limited. It is an integrated â€Å"onestop† ornamental fish service provider ranging from breeding of Dragon Fish, farming, importing, exporting and distributing of ornamental fish as well as manufacturing of aquarium and pet accessories and distributing them to local and overseas customers.Q ian Hu Corporation has its own manufacturing factories based in Guangzhou china and given the fact that they have a proven track record of quality for its fishes hence the pricing is slightly above average. Advantages ; ? High Profit margin as there is the absence of a middle man in the product life cycle ? Perceived Premium quality fish bred by QIAN HU Corporation Disadvantages ; ? High Prices attract entries of new competitors ( however this will not affect Qian Hu Corporation much as they have a wide network around the world and ith their given reputation they have quite a solid foothole in the ornamental fish industry) 17 Due to the fact that the company is acting as the one of the main exporter in the industry of ornamental fish and also the foremost agent in the product life cycle hence their pricing objectives would be profit oriented and strategy that they applied is price skimming. 18 Marketing Mix 4P’s Promotion Literary Review Promotion is defined as an activity, s uch as a sale or advertising campaign, designed to increase visibility or sales of a product. (http://www. investorwords. om/3897/promotion. html) Promotion is one of the most exciting elements in the marketing 4 Ps. The word â€Å"promotion† excites both business owners and end users. To business owners successful promotion campaigns bring high sales revenue to the company and at the same time increasing its products awareness and gain market share. To end consumers, promotion campaigns mean that consumer can get the product that they want at a special price or come with free gifts or bundle. Successful promotion campaign is like a â€Å"bridge† that brings business owners and consumers together. Promotion for different product mix is happening every single second in our daily life. Within promotions, there are many modes of promotion activities available to drive Sales Revenue. They includes Personal Selling, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, Direct Mailer, Trade Fair and Exhibitions, Advertising and Sponsorship just to name a few. All of these elements are closely knit together for a product launch or marketing campaign. 19 Sales Promotion. Sales promotion is the act of influencing customer/ consumer perception and ehavior to build market share and sales that reinforce brand image (Kotler et al. , 2006) However defined, the following statements by industry respresentives provide perspective on what is expected from Sales Promotion ? â€Å"Providing consumers with a reason – beyond price – to buy now or again. † – Kelvin Smith, Kellogs ? â€Å"Reinforcing the brand and creating an action† – Shireen Moore, Communicator ? â€Å"Giving consumers a reason to buy now. ’ – Pam Laufman, Nickeloden Sales promotion tends to be thought of as being all promotions apart from advertising, personal selling, and public relations.For example the BOGOF promotion, or Buy One Get One Free. Others include couponing, money-off promotions, competitions, free accessories (such as free blades with a new razor), introductory offers (such as buy HDMI TV and a Free HDMI Player plus free installation), and so on. Each sales promotion should be carefully costed and compared with the next best alternative. 20 Advertising Advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy (http://www. wordiq. om/definition/Advertising) Advertising is often used to create awareness, gain consumers’ mind share, develops attitudes and transmit information in order to gain a response from the target market. There are many advertising ‘media’ commonly available such as ? Daily newspapers (Straits Times, The New Paper, Sin Min, Wan Bo, Business Times) ? Magazines (Human Resource Magazine, MediaCorp’s I Weekly Magazine, Go Magazine, FHM), ? Television (Mediacorp Channels, Starhub Cable TV) cinema ? Outdoor advertising (such as posters at Bus Stops, Posters on SMRT, Taxi and bus sides) and ? Internet advertising (such as Google Ads, Yahoo Ads, MSN).Advertising is a â€Å"Paid For† communication and often, one of the more expensive way compared to direct mailer. How much to pay for Advertising is often in relation to the scale of the marketing campaign and how much mindshare and revenue that the company hope to achieve from the consumer. 21 Company Example of Marketing Mix 4P’s Promotion – Comat Training Services Pte Ltd Established in 1984, COMAT is an established leader in Information Worker Education ; Training over the last 25 years. COMAT is invested by Singapore Technologies Electronics, through its subsidiary ST Elect (Training ; Simulation). As a natural extension, COMAT is the extended training arms to ST Elect (T;S). COMAT offer internationally recognized certification programs from Microsoft Certified Application Specialist (MCAS) for Office 2007, Microsoft Office Specialists (MOS) for Office 2003/XP, International Computer Driving License (ICDL) to in-house developed programs in performance-centric SkillzXpressâ„ ¢ series. It also remains fully cognizant with advance technologies and offers comprehensive technical training programs for IT Professionals and Developers. These programs cover vendor-centric technologies such as Microsoft and IBM to Open Source Training.COMAT serves 3 major sectors. ? Public Sector – Government Bodies, Government Step boards and Agencies ? Corporate Sector – Major MNCs Companies and SMEs ? People Sector – Consumers COMAT has always been engaging Corporate and Public Customers using the B2B (Business to Business) business model for the last 25 years. Realizing that there is a huge demand in the consumer market for Microsoft Certifications (both technical and end users), Project Management and ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) Certifications, COMAT has decided to compete in the consumer market in 2004. 2 To gain market mind share and product awareness, COMAT held regular promotion for Microsoft Advance Technologies Certifications, Microsoft Information Workers Certifications and Project Management courses and certifications. The methods of promotion adopted by COMAT marketing team, are advertising on newspaper (via Straits Times, Today Newspaper), corporate magazine (Via Human Resource Magazine), internet advertising (via yahoo and Google search ads) and also participate in regular road shows, exhibitions and seminars to gain public awareness.COMAT also uses promotion strategy like bulk discounts, Buy One Get One Free (BOGOF) and Certifications bundling at special promotion rates. Types of promotions strategies adopted by COMAT Sales Promotion Sales promotion is the most commonly used promotion strategy in the training industry. This strategy is often used by COMAT to promote newly launch products or current â€Å"Hot† products. Being consumer of 20th century, one of the buy ing factors that the consumer will consider before buying anything is the price of the certification that they have to pay and also what kind of bundling the training company is offering.The consumers will normally compare the sales promotion prices and how the certification is bundled within competing companies that offer the same solutions, therefore a good promotion strategy is critical to the success of a good company. Advertising on daily newspapers and corporate magazines This is one of the most effective promotion strategies as it has one of the best reach to the consumer market. Advertising on complimentary newspaper like Today has enabled the company to reach out to close 3 millions readers each day hence enhancing the consumers’ awareness on COMAT’s product, services and sales promotion. 3 Seminars COMAT has been conducting short regular seminars on subjects like Project Management, Microsoft Certifications and customized Microsoft Office â€Å"Brown Bag† sessions as part of its customer retention and customer acquisition program. Seminars are conducted in â€Å"Tips and Tricks† style of delivery. The speaker will cover the essential tips in their areas of expertise in a lighthearted and stress free environment to encourage learning. Attendees who have attended these seminars will gain some quick takeaways from the session. Promotion booths are set up to promote CO MAT’s courses in the seminar location. Each of the attendees will be given a handout for the information on the seminar as well as the sales promotion for some of the company offering. These handouts are all prepared by the marketing teams before commencement of seminars. Some of the seminars conducted have over 200 attendees. These seminars have created face to face opportunity chance for the sales people to engage with potential clients who attends the seminar. Electronics Direct Marketing (EDM) COMAT use EDM as a monthly update to existing customers on the latest offerings and new products. How to cite Marketing Mix – Literature Review and Company Example, Essays

New Media Roles For Technology Education - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theLiterature review of the opportunities of new media roles can impact for design and technology education. Answer: Introduction The new media concept comprises of all the practices that arise from the culture that has arisen in the internet world. They comprise of instant messaging, online chat rooms, blogs, communication software and wikis. The concept of technology is tied to the usage of new media for learning purposes. Mediated learning is defined as the usage of technology in education and communication content, such as mobile devices, virtual reality and computers. The cultural phenomenon surrounding the applications in media describes well the term new media. This literature review seeks to study the enormous new opportunities presented by the new media for the technology and design education. According to Manovich 2001, there are some crucial concepts that determine the core of what is entailed in the design and technology. Without the existence of the internet, there would be no new media. The new media entails five principles, modularity, numerical representation, transcoding, and variability, and a utomation. In the new media, modularity comprises of the code images, pixel, and sound. In the design, the modularity occurs when the designer does the separation of the design element into the chunks. The described principle creates a basis for the separation of the old media from the new media. With the higher increase in the communication and information technology, accessing of university learning content has widely spread. The study investigates the role played by the new media and its impact on the opportunities it presents for the technology and design education. The researchers seek to achieve its objective of the integration of information and communication technologies and mobile into the technology and design education. The study seeks to explore the recommendation and new insights for the approaches to understanding and analyzing the various ways new media can enhance the everyday design and technology education practices. Background New media comprises of various features, virtually, interactivity, cyberspace, hypertext, and interactivity (Lister,2003).Mediating learning occurs through the embedment of this concept into technology and design. The term mediating learning refers to the various ways that objects used for learning have various properties to the information imparting ways of the tradition. The objects used for learning may include the mobile which takes advantage of the wireless connection that allows the user to receive and send contextual information. They might be collaborative as it may make use of the software that is social. According to (Sharples .,2000), united kingdom universities have been making advances in the technology when it comes to mobile learning and the mediated computer learning. The purpose of the study is to research the modalities of a new assessment of the new media in the context of learning. Hence the continuation of the learning threads in the future would involve prototyp e learning tools developments. There will always be the scenarios of the technology usage for which the basic study are not in existence to provide the guideline in the design(Dumais and Cwerwinski 2001).The study will place emphasis on scenario learning with the mobile and computer technology in the technology and design industry. The usage of mobile technology for learning purposes has become more widespread. The study seeks to find out if these advancements are worth of improvement or not. To assess the worthiness of the improvement brought about by the mediated learning technology in the skills and knowledge improvement, the study requires the concentration of a specific learning and teaching method in a certain field with certain students.The recent tendencies of the mobile learning for the technology and design education supplied the mobile devices required to the students for assessment of the mobile learning(Kimbell,2005).The study seeks to develop the flexible learning, that is learning that integrates the interests the students own learning method. Technology features The mediated learning technology comprises of the laptops, desktop computers, the software, the mobile phones and PDAs, and MP3 player. Social software is a technical term that refers to the application which facilitates communication and is less generic (Bailey and Card 2009). Web 2.0 technology refers to the shift in the internet practices which reflect the growth of the media technology that is of new media. Web 2.0 has elements of the new media technology, which charting the shift to the new internet from the old internet. The method of information displaying has a great impact on how the information is usable in practice. The internet is rich in resources available to the student of technology and design. The websites such as the IEEE virtual museum and technology and design contains useful information that can benefit the student (Cramer, K. R and Snider 2007). New media application There is an improvement in the University of Loughborough learning technology. The university has a server lboro environment for virtual learning to take place.at this site, the student in the design and technology department can access the learning materials. However, there is an argument that the resource is not being fully utilized, as creatively as it might for the technology and design education, owing to its innovation that is partly. Consequently, the scenario within which this application is applicable for technology and design education would be sightseen ("Virtual Servers | IT Services - Staff | Loughborough University" 2014). Web audio-visual techniques. Tutored video instruction and application that was invented by the Stanford university students. Students made a pre-record videotape of the lecture delivered in the classroom. There was a slightly smaller disparity between the students who attended the lecture and those who did not attend the lecture. During the time of playing the tape, the lecturer encouraged the students to ask for questions on areas they did not understand. Through this collaborative learning, the student who attended the lecture outperformed those who did not attend the lecture. Web-enhanced education has propelled the distributed video tutored instruction. This application has proven to be more effective since the students collaboratively share notes. Use of the interactive video instruction has been adopted in the technology and design education to facilitate the learning, to identify the video learning tool as useful and develop the prototype interactive video application for the students. However, the lecture provided a feedback that the student should be controlled in order for this type of technology to be effective and successful. The issue of the diminishing control of the lecture can be a hindrance to the learning with the blogging of mobile video. The edveNTUre system designed at the University of Singapore sought to do design implementation considerations that aim to make the learning more of people-oriented fun and very interactive. This was achieved through the development of video talking head that synchronizes with the lecture presentation and a text chat arena and live audio-video that could be used for the collaborative virtual classroom. They placed an emphasis on noting down the changes that occurred with the implementation of the system from the teacher-oriented to the student-oriented methodology in learning and teaching mode. It was argued that the students should be evaluated based on their skills in solving problems rather than how memorizing of learning materials. However the critical factor in ensuring the success of this online learning is the development of the sense of community among the students. Opportunities new media poses. Student controlled leaning This provides the usage of the photo and video capabilities in the mobile devices for assignment. With the use of the available multimedia message service in every mobile phone technology, the student can record themselves explain a problem and offering a solution. They then can send the recorded work to their workspace on the server. This can contribute to their overall final grade through providing a demonstration of their ability to critically think and design solution in a variety of various context(Bush 2018). The major advantage is that it makes the use of the context-aware nature of the mobile technology. The various ways of video content collation and accessing the learning server can create a portfolio that is more vital for useful employment (Joy ,E.H and Garcia,F.E 2000). The learning outcome achieved through the use of the recording facilities of the image using the mobile devices for the design and technology education identified comprises of the ability to obtain the information about a design in the context of its use. It is believed that the learner will achieve some sense of-of the requirement in design whenever they are, hence developing observational skills that are sharper(Okita 2016). Lecture delivered learning Usage of the video audio capabilities of the mobile mp3 players for the technology and design lectures. iPod developed by the Apple computing has given rise to the portable audiovisual digital media. The media aims to podcast the tutor's lecture on the learn server that can be accessed through the students own mobile device. The scenario involves the workshop activities carried out online within the department, which can be accessed through learn student server (Eynon,R 2008). Learning outcomes identified were similar to the above scenario. Never the less, this media provides the opportunity for the student's accessibility, those with disabilities and those on the move. The information existence has various formats which have positive impact on the learning outcome (Frezzo 2014). Wiki technology The wiki was developed in a way that gives the user the mandate to edit, add or remove content. Usage of wiki technology has proven to be useful technology-mediated for designers. The combination of wiki technology and video game usage is helpful to the student in the information technology field. This is because it helps them with the process of design (Rouse 2015). The wiki technology provides the opportunity of offering more facilities for collaboration and communication. In addition, it offers the student own implication of skills and knowledge retrieval and communication. Conclusion It has been argued that the field of the media should be analyzed at the level of culture, or individual level or the institutional level. Various study methodology has to be used to ensure that it can answer any question that arises. The study action can be taught as an inquiry management meta-process and any action on the issue(Hearn foth 2004:p.3) The future of this literature review study will be implemented through usages of the data collection methods, such as the quantitative study, usability studies, data collection methods and study action in the implementation form. The question under study being, literature reviews on the opportunities of the new media roles impact on the design and technology education. Various cases have been illustrated and corresponding research to the various cases has revealed the useful design implication for the teaching implementation and the applications of learning. The investigation did theoretically have paved way for the on the methodologies suitable for the new media learning for the technology and design education. This is believed to stimulate further studies and context of lecturers on the opportunities brought about by the new media learning resources and enhance the daily practices in the design and technology education. Reference Bailey, C. J, and K. A Card. 2009. Effective Pedagogical Practices For Online Teaching: Perception Of Experienced Instructors. The Internet and Higher Education. Bush, Tim. 2018. "Exploring The Future Impact Of Technology On Teaching And Learning". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2012/sep/10/future-impact-technology-teaching-learning. Cramer, K. M, Collins K. R, and D Snider. 2007. The Virtual Lecture Hall: Utilisation, Effectiveness And Student PercEptions. The virtual lecture hall: Utilisation, effectiveness and student perceptions. Dumais,S Czerwinski,M 2001.Building Bridges from Theory to Practice Microsoft Research.In Proc.HCI International 2001 Vol.3 Futurelab Website,accessed at https://www.futurelab.org.uk/on01/07/06 Eynon, R. 2008. The use of the world wide web in learning and teaching in higher education: Reality and rhetoric. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 45: 15-23 Joy, E. H. and Garcia, F. E. 2000. Measuring learning effectiveness: A new look at no-significant-difference findings. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks. Hearn,G Foth,M 2004.Action Research in the Design of New Media and ICT Systems.In Kwansah-Aidoo,K{ED}.Current Issue in Communication and Media Research. Frezzo, Dennis. 2014. "The Role Of Technology In The Education Of The Future". World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/science-of-learning/. Kimbell,R. 2005. Innovative Perfomance and Virtual Portfolios-a tale of two projects .Design and Technology Education : An International Journal . Lister,M.2003.New Media: A critical Introduction. Routledge UK,ISBN 04152237 Manovich,L.2001.The Language of New Media. The MITPress, Massachusettes. Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., and Jones, K. 2010. Evaluation of evidencebasedpractices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learningstudies. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation,and Policy Development. Sharples,M 2000 The Design of Personal Mobile Technologies for Lifelong Learning.Computers and Education Okita, Sandra. 2016. "Communication, Media And Learning Technologies Design | Teachers College ColumbiaUniversity".TeachersCollegeColumbiaUniversity. https://www.tc.columbia.edu/catalog/academics/departments/mathematics-science-and-technology/communication-media-and-learning-technologies-design/. Rouse, Margaret. 2015. "What Is Wiki? - Definition From Whatis.Com". Searchmicroservices. https://searchmicroservices.techtarget.com/definition/wiki. "Virtual Servers | IT Services - Staff | Loughborough University". 2014. Lboro.Ac.Uk. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/services/it/staff/specialist/virtualservers/.